Anonymous Author Research Articles

Configurations of Friday’s Body in the 1750s Robinsonade

The English Robinsonade as a form thrived in the 1750s, but in a variant that revealed affinities not only with Daniel Defoe’s Robinson Crusoe but also Jonathan Swift’s Gulliver’s Travels, and the imaginary voyage more broadly. A central position in this micro-tradition was occupied by Robert Paltock’s Peter Wilkins (1751), the popularity of which resulted in several fictions written in its wake, including Ralph Morris’s John Daniel (1751), William Bingfield by an anonymous author (1753), and Adolphus Bannac’s Crusoe Richard Davis (1756). These narratives explored both the Robinsonade conventions and aspects of the poetics of wonder to offer a variety of ‘Friday’ configurations, from hybrid animals to winged or feathered women. This article reads the aesthetic and ideological meanings behind these ‘strange surprizing’ character constructs.

Entailment and Truthmaking: The Consequentia Rerum from Boethius to the Ars Meliduna

In Categories 12 (14b11–22), Aristotle famously claims that [1] true sentences and reality stand in a mutually implicative relationship, and that [2] reality causes the truth of sentences but not vice versa. In this paper, I first argue that Boethius’ reading of the above passage led medieval logicians to assess [1] and [2] within the framework of a theory of consequence. Then, I consider two important questions raised by Boethius and later logicians in relation to [1] and [2], and, namely, whether the implication described in [1] really satisfies the requirement for consequence, and whether the truthmaking relation posited in [2] can be boiled down to the relation of consequence. Boethius himself, I argue, answered affirmatively to both questions and thus (much like some contemporary truthmaker theorists) committed himself to an account of truthmaking as entailment. I then consider criticisms to Boethius’ account found in the writings of William of Champeaux, two anonymous authors connected to the school of Jocelyn of Soissons, Peter Abelard, and the author of the Ars Meliduna. Here, I argue that the emergence of a concern for relevance drives the need for abandoning Boethius’ account as well as his conception of truthmaking as entailment.

Hyper-exegesis in Persian translations of the Qu'ran: On the Disjointed Letters as Translational Challenges

Abstract Although translation and commentary are often treated as distinct, separable activities in literary and intellectual history, the Persian tradition of Qur'an exegesis demonstrates that they are best understood in relation to each other. Introducing the concept of hyper-exegesis as a mode of interpretation that approximates translation, we examine the dialectical relationship between translation and commentary by focusing on how Persian exegetes have dealt with the so-called “disjointed letters” (ḥurūf muqaṭaʿāt). The disjointed letters inaugurate twenty-nine chapters (sūras) of the Qur'an. We show how six Persian translator-exegetes (the anonymous author of Tarjama-yi Tafsir-I Tabari, Isfarayini, Surabadi, Nasafi, Maybudi, and Razi) used commentary in response to their understanding of the Qur'an's inimitability. Persian translators’ confrontation with the disjointed letters are presented here as a case study of the ways in which translatability and commentary overlap and enrich each other. As a contribution to translation studies and literary theory, this research reveals how untranslatability is situated at the core of the translational enterprise, and how commentary functions as a mode of translating the ineffable.

SAQIFAT BANI SA`IDAH CONFERENCE A CRITICAL ANALYTICAL STUDY OF EARLY ISLAMIC NARRATIVES

The study deals with the narratives al-Saqifa conference according to six historians lived in the third and fourth centuries A.H/ ninth and tenth A.D, they are: Ibn Ishaq, Muhammad ibn Ishaq ibn Yasar (d. 151 A.H/ 768 A.D), "Al-Sira Al-Nabawiya", Ibn Sa`ed, Muhammad ibn Manee` al-Zuhri (died 230 A.H/ 845 A.D), "Al-Ṭabaqat al-Kubra", ,Al-Balaḏeri, Ahmad ibn Jaber (died: 279A.H/892 A.D), "Ansab al-’Ashraf", Al-Ya‘qubi, Ahmad ibn Abi Ya‘qub in wahab ibn Wadih (died: 284 A.H/ 897 A.D), "Tarikh al-Ya‘qubi", the book of "Al-Imama wa Al-Siyas", to anonymous author (from the middle of the third century A.H), Al-Ṭabari, Abu Ja‘far Muḥammad ibn Jarir (died: 310 A.H/923 A.D); "Tarikh al-Rusul wa-al-Muluk. The five sources of the study were chosen because they are considered among the early and important of Islamic historical sources, and their date back to different periods. In addition, they are distributed between different Muslims sects, such as Suni and Shite. The study adopts the historical method, by presenting the narratives of these historians about al-Saqifa conference and studing and analyzing their narratives and dimensions they contain which enable to know their points of view

Turkic Ethnic Realities in the Medieval Manuscript of Kipchak Origin

The purpose of our work was to analyze the ethnic realities of the Kipchak language in order to
 establish its similarities and differences with modern Turkic languages for which this medieval
 language was a proto-language. The written medieval manuscript in Arabic “Al-Tuhfa al-Zakiyya fi al-
 Lugha al-Turkiyyah” (Genuine wonder about the Turkish language) was one of the most important and
 most valuable source for studying the Kipchak language. The main feature of the work was that the
 original version was written in the Kipchak, as the anonymous author pointed out on the first page of
 the manuscript, stored in Istanbul, in the Beyazit state library. When studying objects that were far
 apart from each other in a temporary sense, such as medieval and modern languages, we used the
 comparative-historical method, and as a result concluded that in some cases there were only phonetic
 differences, while the syntactic and semantic commonality of lexical and phraseological units persisted.
 To classify ethnic realities, the statistical method of analysis was used. Ethnographic, cultural and
 mental realities testified to direct kinship and a single nomadic culture of the speakers of the languages
 of this group and provided an opportunity to restore the historical stages of the development of the
 Turkic languages from the Middle Ages to the present day.

Hebraic Influences in The Life of Lazario de Termes

The focus of this article is the impact of the Hebrew language with its literature, philosophy, biblical exegesis, and history on the sixteenth century anonymous author of The Life of Lasiloo de Termes. I assumed the task of investigating the Jewish cultural heritage embedded in this work, as my studies in Hebrew Language and Literature could contribute towards a fuller comprehension of this masterpiece. And indeed, in addition to linguistic and biblical associations, I have detected influences that appear inspired by the monumental works of medieval Jewish Spanish theologians and philosopher Crescas, Maimonides and Nahman ides in particular. I invite the reader to share and comment on this analysis.

«КАКИЕ МНЕНИЯ О ДЕМОНАХ У ЭЛЛИНОВ» МИХАИЛА ПСЕЛЛА (ТЕКСТ, ПЕРЕВОД И КОММЕНТАРИИ)

The publication presents a commented Russian translation of a short compilation entitled Τίνα περὶ δαιμόνων δοξάζουσιν Ἕλληνες (“What are the Hellenes’ Opinions of Demons”, Latin Graecorum opiniones de daemonibus) attributed to Michael Psellus (1018 – ca. 1078). The text is a compact overview of religious and adjacent practices of the “Hellenes”, meaning the pagan Greeks, from the Neoplatonic perspective, which goes back, eventually, to the Chaldaic Oracles, the “Bible of Neoplatonists” as Franz Cumont has named that fragmentarily extant collection of the 2nd century AD. Indubitably Michael Psellus has been strongly influenced by the Oracles, as well as by the lost commentary on this work by Proclus. Nevertheless, the attribution to Michael Psellus of the Opinions, as well as of the dialogue Timotheus, or On demons (Τιμόθεος ἢ περὶ δαιμόνων), another, somewhat more extensive essay on the same topics (demonology, sacrifices, mysteries, sorcery, magic, divination), seems to be definitively unconvincing, judging by purely formal (lingual) criteria. It would be much more plausible to attribute these writings to some students or followers of this prominent representative of Byzantine proto-Humanism, conveniently designating these anonymous authors as “Pseudo-Psellus”. The text of the Opinions allows to promptly identify many cross-references not only to Proclus, but also to other Neoplatonists (Porphyry, Iamblichus, Synesius), and the section on the mysteries almost literally borrows (though not without blatant distortions) from Clement of Alexandria’s Protrepticus. The Russian translation is based on Paul Gautier’s edition (1988), which is itself based on the oldest manuscript, Vaticanus gr. 1411 (fin. s. xiv), containing the text of the compilation (ff. 33r–34v).

Critical Notes on Pseudo-Sisbert’s Exhortatio Poenitendi

This paper discusses textual problems in an anonymous Late Latin poem entitled Exhortatio poenitendi. In his classic edition (Berlin 1914), Karl Strecker used nine witnesses. In my critical edition from 2021, I studied, collated, and classified twenty manuscripts of this poem and established a new stemma codicum; a manuscript not known to me at the time has been used in this paper. In this article I propose new conjectures absent from my edition, reject other proposals made by previous editors, and discuss lines in which either the stemma cannot be used to guide the editor in the choice of readings, the diffusion of variants is irregular, or I have made a choice different from that of previous editors. Many of the disputed passages can now be clarified in the light of two other works attributed to the same anonymous author (the Lamentum poenitentiae and the Oratio pro correptione uitae), which were published together with the Exhortatio poenitendi for the first time in my 2021 edition.

Politico-Cultural Exigencies and the Rise of Rhetoric in Classical Greece

Did rhetoric naturally evolve from the inherent power and potential of language, or were specific political and cultural conditions instrumental in driving its development in classical Greece? This paper explores this question by adopting a historical approach to rhetoric and a rhetorical approach to history. It draws on the perspectives of sophists such as Gorgias, the anonymous author of “Dissoi Logoi,” and Isocrates, as well as the rhetorical philosophical orientations of Plato and Aristotle. In conducting this study, I employ a methodological review approach that relies on the scholarship of rhetoric and rhetorical history and critically analyse available sources and the arguments developed in the field. Through this approach, I argue that the emergence of rhetoric in classical times was prompted by several exigent factors, including humanism, democracy, education, literacy, and legal practices. Therefore, theorizing and practicing rhetoric beyond the cultural-political context is inherently partial and incomplete.

O carte manuscrisă pierdută. Geografia lumii copiată de Sava Popovici din Rășinari (1785)

The paper discusses a manuscript book – known in a copy made by the priest Sava Popovici (1735-1808) from Rășinari in the year 1785 –, which was described in 1912 and 1915. Its trace was completely lost afterwards and it attracted attention only once, in a marginal way. Our research has led to the identification of the original – a Russian introductory book for the students of the Saint Petersburg academic gymnasium – and to a plausible proposal for its anonymous author: the Prussian astronomer Christian Nicolaus von Winsheim (1694-1751), who was teaching after the famous schoolbook of Johann Hübner. We are also proposing the most probable author of the translation: the schoolmaster Radu Duma (174?-1791) from Brașov. Its final sections discuss the image of India as described in its chapter on Asia and, respectively, its probable use as a textbook in a number of schools from the South-Eastern part of Transylvania: Brașov, Rășinari, and Sibiu.

“Doe wat ik schrijf, anders gaat zij eraan…” Contrastieve analyse van anonieme brieven in het Pools en in het Nederlands

This article deals with the topic of anonymous extortion letters. Anonymous extortion letters are a challenge for linguists and criminal intelligence services and raise a whole range of questions that ultimately allow a creation of the psycholinguistic portrait of the possible author/-perpetrator. One of these questions concerns the emotional layer of the anonymous letter and the way anonymous authors express their emotions in language. This article describes a specific type of speech genre, which is anonymous extortion letter and analyses, in short, emotions in language. The last part presents the author’s own research, focusing on the characteristics of simulated and falsified extortion letters in the Dutch and Polish languages.

Политические идеалы отечественных мыслителей XI – начала XVII вв.

Introduction. Unfortunately, at present, scientists have not given an adequate assessment of the political ideals of Russian thinkers, writers, and publicists of the XV – early XVII centuries, many of them are directly discredited, as they are manipulated into the scheme of “the initial commitment to autocracy», perceived as synonymous with absolutism. Serious scientific disagreements concern not one, not two, or even not three medieval thinkers, but all of them, especially the late Middle Ages, represented by such famous names as Joseph Volotskiy, Filofey Pskovskiy, I. S. Peresvetov, A. M. Kurbsky, Zinoviy Otenskiy, anonymous authors of the Valaam Conversation, etc. This galaxy is completed at the turn of the Middle Ages and the first quarter of Modern Times by the sovereign clerk Ivan Timofeyev. Methods. The authors, based on a systematic, historical, and comparative analysis of the works of these thinkers, offered their own viewpoint on the political ideals formulated by them. Results. The result of the study is presented by the following conclusions: researchers’ understanding of the political ideal of medieval thinkers depends on the assessment of both their works themselves and the historical conditions in which they were created; the preservation of some outdated schemes, many of which originated in the pre-revolutionary period which were uncritically perceived in Soviet historiography and remain up to nowadays, prevents the achievement of unity in the definition of the forms of government which were forming in different historical epochs and the assessment of the accompanying political and legal doctrines; in historical and especially historical and legal studies, it is always necessary to apply historical, rather than modern terminology in the analysis of key concepts used by medieval thinkers in characterizing existing (for them) historical conditions and in their proposed projects of state-legal transformations.

Pietro e Simon Mago sul confine tra miracolo e magia nelle omelie in inglese antico

In the Old English homiletic tradition, the apocryphal material relating to the struggle between Peter and Simon Magus offers a useful paradigm for representing the boundary between miracle and magic. Drawing mainly from the codification proposed in the Passio sanctorum apostolorum Petri et Pauli, the anonymous author of the Blickling Homily XV, Ælfric and Wulfstan exploit the unstable fluidity of a narrative that can be expanded or narrowed infinitely through additions and subtractions of episodes and dialogues, in rewriting their homilies. The article aims to identify the significant elements useful to highlight the different attitudes assumed by the three homileticians with respect to the subject matter, from the “simple” translation of the Blickling Homily to Ælfric’s reworking to Wulfstan’s exemplum.

A XIVth century approach to the points problem

The application of expected value as the first decision-theoretical criterion for evaluating risky lotteries is traditionally attributed to the 1654 correspondence between Pierre de Fermat and Blaise Pascal. However, an anonymous author of the XVth century Italian manuscript stored in the Vatican Apostolic Library calculated expected value by backward induction in a similar way to Pascal’s approach. This note argues that an even earlier anonymous XIVth century Italian manuscript calculates expected value by a different method resembling the direct rule (regula recta) described in 1202 by Leonardo of Pisa (Fibonacci) in his Liber Abaci as borrowed from the Arabs.

«One of the Opinions About Nekrasov's Poetry»: S.F. Platonov's Review

The biography and scientific work of the outstanding Russian historian S.F. Platonov continues to arouse the natural interest of modern researchers. But the years of his youth, the period when there was a process of folding ideological attitudes, professional preferences, youthful hobbies remain little developed. At the same time, the time, starting from the age of 13 and before entering the university, as it turns out, is filled with numerous poetic, prose, dramatic, even scientific experiments. They allow us to talk about great literary inclinations that found expression in specific works, some of them received high marks, but remain unknown. A critical review of an article dedicated to the work of N.A. Nekrasov is published, which traces the emerging mastery of writing such studies, the attitude of progressive youth to the work of the great poet of Russia. The appearance of the manuscript was the result of the acquaintance of the young reviewer with the published collection, where responses to the poet's death were collected, mainly published in provincial periodicals. This circumstance indicates the fact of S. Platonov's interest in the novelties of critical publications. He boldly, with patriotic fervor, defended the outstanding poet-democrat. He was deeply touched by the one-sided, and therefore unfair assessment of his work. Not always with the necessary skill, but argumentatively, the reviewer, drawing on his, as it seemed to him, irrefutable facts, rejects the unreasonable, as it seemed to him, assessment of the anonymous author. Already in this his fear of the reading public was manifested. It can be stated that the review, as the first experience of such creativity, turned out to be successful and well deserves the attention of specialists.

Reflection of one episode of Georgian history in the 14th century Syrian chronicle – „History of Mar Yahbalaha and Bar Sauma“

The Catholic Western world exhibited a heightened interest in establishing contact with unfamiliar populations following theemergence of the Mongols on the global stage. The Papal authority entertained aspirations of effecting the conversion of the Tatars to Catholic Christianity through the deployment of missionary endeavors. The Catholic Church embarked on a vigorous proselytization campaign within the Mongolian uluses. In pursuit of this objective, Georgia, distinguished by its amenable disposition toward Franciscan and Dominican missionaries, emerged as a strategically valuable foothold for this mission. Conversely, the Mongols made efforts to persuade the Papal authority of their earnestness, with the intention of forming an anti-Egyptian coalition. Following this goal, they dispatched envoys to Western regions, often including Christians, to engage in negotiations; among these envoys were the Nestorians, who had established themselves within the Tatar domain long before andpropagated the heretical beliefs censured in Western Europe. Rabban Sauma, a notable itinerant clergyman, was among those who embarked on a journey to the Western world in the years 1287-88. He attained such a distinguished accolade not solely due to his proficient mastery of the Latin language, but also by virtue of his sanctified actions. These included a life of asceticism, enduring numerous trials, and an ardent yearning to undertake a pilgrimage to Jerusalem. Together with Rabban Sauma, his disciple, the future patriarch Yahbalaha III, also embarked on the most difficult path with the desire of repentance in about 1275-77. It was within the course of this expedition that the monks arrived in Georgia, where they were informed that, notwithstanding the benevolence of the Ilkhan Khan-Abaqa, they would encounter impediments preventing them from advancing further on their journey. A chronicle attributed to an anonymous author from the first half of the 14th century documents that the monks’ travel to Jerusalem was thwarted due to the presence of marauders and malefactors within the territory of Georgia. The apostasy of Samtskhe from the the Ilkhan rulers must have been a contributing factor in the situation. The resistance of Georgians must have been caused by the earthquake that happened on April 10, 1275. The latter, along with the rest of Georgia, especially affected Samtskhe. The substantial loss of life, widespread damage to infrastructure and edifices, coupled with the imposition of Mongol levies and military obligations, likely contributed analogous transformations within Georgia.This information brought into the scientific area and its analysis is of paramount importance, because the chronicler, in his accounts,primarily addresses the political ramifications of the earthquake and notes the departure of father and son-Sargis and Beka, from allegiance to the Ilkhan rulers. The excerpt from Syrian anonymous author’s chronicle, as sited in the article, serves to complement the chronicler’s narrative by shedding light on the pertinent social aspects of the earthquake consequences.

Perlindungan Hukum Lisensi Hak Cipta Lagu dan Musik Daerah Berdasarkan Undang-Undang Nomor 28 Tahun 2014 Tentang Hak Cipta Dan Konvensi Bern

This paper analyzes legal issues regarding the legal protection for folk song and music licenses in Indonesia. Indonesia which has cultural diversity is expressed through several folk songs whose creators are anonymous, so they are very susceptible to being changed, re-performed in a way that is inconsistent with the values ​​that live in society and even claimed by irresponsible foreigners. This research is a normative legal research, using a statutory approach. Based on primary and secondary legal materials, then the results of the research show that the copyright of folk songs and music is a protected object in article 40 of Law Number 28 of 2014 concerning Copyright (Copyright Law), and folk songs and music whose creators are anonymous is regulated in Article 38 and Article 39 of Copyright Law. In the Berne Convention folk songs and music whose authors are anonymous are protected in Article 15 Paragraph (4.a) which regulates the protection of unpublished works, and anonymous authors from participating countries of the Berne Convention.

Transkulturowe znaczenie ksiąg ubioru na przykładzie hiszpańskiego Boxer Codex w nowożytnej Europie

The transcultural significance and the significance for costuming of a book on dress: The Boxer Codex in early-modern Europe The Boxer Codex is a Spanish manuscript dated approximately to 1590. It was written in the Philippines in Manila, having been commissioned by the contemporary governor of Manila, Gomez Pérez Desmariñas. The document is called after the name of the last private owner of the codex, Charles R. Boxer, a historian and specialist on the history of colonialism in Asia. It contains illustrations showing figures in costumes representing peoples living in areas colonized by the Spaniards in Asia (The Philippines) and neighbouring lands, such as China, Japan, the Spice Islands (the Moluccas), Brunei, Java, Siam (Thailand), Northern and Central Vietnam, and others. Alongside the illustrations are texts describing the geography and customs of the minorities who live there; these, research shows, may be copies from the work of Martin de Rada, Miguel Rojo de Brito, and other anonymous authors. This article examines the manuscript from the perspective of costume studies. Because of the very extensive material in the manuscript, the author has selected several illustrations connected with Chinese dress in order to show its richness and the first European view of Chinese culture on the threshold of modern times. The author juxtaposes these with the already well-known accounts of the Polish sinologist Michał Boym (1612-1659). Boym’s accounts of Chinese dress (and not just of that) form a supplement to the illustrations from The Boxer Codex. This manuscript is also one of the first documents relating to the so-called volumes of costumes, which were put together both in Europe and in the Far East, and which made it possible to learn about still undiscovered countries and their inhabitants.

Anonymous English Poem of the 14th century The King of Tars: Xenophobia as a Modality of the Plot and Language Motives

This article is a pilot study of the content features of the English tale of chivalry King of Tarsus and a description of the main features of its poetics. To this day the epic poem remains in the status of underestimated by English-speaking literary critics and unfamiliar to Russian linguists. One of the purposes of the article is to highlight the most striking features of the plot and language of the text, which could further attract some researchers. Particular attention is paid to the ways of solving the ideological task that the anonymous author faced, those plot and verbal motives that materialized the opposition of the Saracens to the Christians. It involves the creation of images of the Saracens with help of exotic nominations, animalistic speech description and black color symbolization to express their "pagan" faith. The main result of the study is defining the text's focus on inciting xenophobia among English readers. The identification of symmetry as the organizing structural principle of this text is another result of the research.

Comentariul la Evanghelia după Matei(1544) al lui Wolfgang Musculus, sursă de inspirație pentru Tâlcul evangheliilor(1567), Omilia la Duminica a treia din Post

Although the Protestant ideas in Coresi’s early Postil (Tâlcul evangheliilor), published in 1567, have long puzzled scholars interested in the first Romanian books, attempts to trace the exact origin of these elements have yielded no decisive results. The current paper focuses on the 47th homily of the Postil, based on Mark 8:34–9:1, and identifies the Commentary on Matthew (1544) by Wolfgang Musculus (1497–1563) as one of the main sources. Commenting on Matthew 16:24-28 and its Markan parallel, Musculus introduces the concept of duplex crux, asserting that the common cross notwithstanding (by virtue of which all Christians must put off the flesh with its passions and desires), each believer has his or her unique cross, ordained by God. Writing at a time when the emergent magisterial Protestants were trying to forge their confessional identities in opposition to the Catholic Church, Musculus singles out Catholic monks for criticism, asserting that in pursuing asceticism they bear a cross of their own choosing, not the cross ordained by God. The Reformed theologian also writes that the cross must be borne joyfully and provides various Scriptural prooftexts to support this idea. The 47th homily of Coresi’s Postil is developed along the same theological lines and provides strong evidence that Wolfgang Musculus served as a source of inspiration for the anonymous author of the first Romanian collection of homilies.